What is the correct term for errors in writing based on incorrect spelling?

The term for errors in writing that are specifically due to incorrect spelling is "misspellings." This term refers to instances where words are written with incorrect letters or letter arrangements, leading to a deviation from the standard spellings recognized in the language.

While the other terms may seem related, they have distinct meanings. Typographical errors usually involve mistakes made during the typing process, which can include misspellings but also encompass issues like omitted letters or incorrect punctuation. Grammatical errors pertain to mistakes in the structure of sentences, such as subject-verb agreement or incorrect tense usage, and do not focus on spelling at all. Composition errors generally refer to broader issues in writing, including organization of ideas and coherence, rather than specific spelling mistakes.

Thus, "misspellings" is the precise term that captures the essence of errors that occur specifically due to incorrect spelling.